NHS leadership competency framework for board members

1. Introduction

1.1 Context

Leaders in the NHS help deliver better health and care for patients by setting the tone for their organisation, team culture and performance.

We have worked with a wide range of leaders from across the NHS to help describe what we do when we operate at our best. We have engaged with stakeholders including NHS Providers, NHS Employers and NHS Confederation, and built in best practice from other industries. We have used the feedback to design the 6 competency domains in the Leadership Competency Framework (the framework) to support board members to perform at their best.

The competency domains reflect the NHS values and the following diagram shows how they are aligned:

Working together for patients*
Compassion

Building a trusted relationship with partners and communities

Creating a compassionate, just and positive culture

Respect and dignity

Improving lives

Promoting equality and inclusion and reducing health and workforce inequalities

Setting strategy and delivering long term transformation

Driving high quality sustainable outcomes

Commitment to quality of care

Everyone counts

Driving high quality and sustainable outcomes 

Setting strategy and delivering long term transformation

Promoting equality and inclusion and reducing health and workforce inequalities

Creating a compassionate, just and positive culture

Providing robust governance and assurance

*Wherever the word “patient” is used in this document, this refers to patients, service users and carers.

The competency domains are aligned to Our NHS People Promise, Our Leadership Way and the Seven Principles of Public Life (Nolan Principles). A high-level summary of the values and concepts from these documents is in Appendix 1.

1.2 Background

In 2019, the Tom Kark KC review of the fit and proper person test was published. This included a recommendation for ‘the design of a set of specific core elements of competence, which all directors should be able to meet and against which they can be assessed’. This framework responds to that recommendation and forms part of the NHS England Fit and Proper Person Test Framework for board members (FPPT).

The framework takes account of other NHS England frameworks and strategies including:

1.3 Purpose

Being an NHS board member means holding an extremely demanding yet rewarding leadership responsibility. NHS board members have both an individual and collective role in shaping the vision, strategy and culture of a system or organisation, and supporting high-quality, personalised and equitable care for all now and into the future.

This framework is for chairs, chief executives and all board members in NHS systems and providers, as well as serving as a guide for aspiring leaders of the future. It is designed to:

  • support the appointment of diverse, skilled and proficient leaders
  • support the delivery of high-quality, equitable care and the best outcomes for patients, service users, communities and our workforce
  • help organisations to develop and appraise all board members
  • support individual board members to self-assess against the six competency domains and identify development needs.

People taking on first-time director roles, in particular, are unlikely to be able to demonstrate all the competency examples. However, this framework should provide a guide by which, over time, directors can measure themselves and develop proficiency in all areas. Where development areas are identified, commitment to working on these will be important.

As non-executive directors have different roles and responsibilities to those of executive directors, and there are differences between executive director roles, the framework supports the assessment of board members in their role as part of a unitary board. All six competency domains should be considered for all board members, taking account of any specific role related responsibilities and nuances.

Achievement against the competency domains supports the Fit and Proper Person assessment for individual board members.

2 The six leadership competency domains 

2.1 Driving high-quality and sustainable outcomes

The skills, knowledge and behaviours needed to deliver and bring about high quality and safe care and lasting change and improvement – from ensuring all staff are trained and well led, to fostering improvement and innovation which leads to better health and care outcomes.

2.2 Setting strategy and delivering long-term transformation

The skills that need to be employed in strategy development and planning, and ensuring a system wide view, along with using intelligence from quality, performance, finance and workforce measures to feed into strategy development.

2.3 Promoting equality and inclusion, and reducing health and workforce inequalities

The importance of continually reviewing plans and strategies to ensure their delivery leads to improved services and outcomes for all communities, narrows health and workforce inequalities, and promotes inclusion.

2.4 Providing robust governance and assurance

The system of leadership accountability and the behaviours, values and standards that underpin our work as leaders. This domain also covers the principles of evaluation, the significance of evidence and assurance in decision making and ensuring patient safety, and the vital importance of collaboration on the board to drive delivery and improvement. 

2.5 Creating a compassionate, just and positive culture

The skills and behaviours needed to develop great team and organisation cultures. This includes ensuring all staff and service users are listened to and heard, being respectful and challenging inappropriate behaviours.

2.6 Building a trusted relationship with partners and communities

The need to collaborate, consult and co-produce with colleagues in neighbouring teams, providers and systems, people using services, our communities, and our workforce. Strengthening relationships and developing collaborative behaviours are key to the integrated care environment.

3 Using the framework

3.1 Recruitment

The competency domains should be incorporated into all NHS board member* job/role descriptions and recruitment processes. They can be used to help evaluate applications and design questions to explore skills and behaviours in interviews, presentations and other aspects of the recruitment and assessment process.

* ‘Board member’ refers to all board members – executive and non-executive.

3.2 Appraisal

The competency domains in section 5 should form a core part of board member appraisals and the ongoing development of individuals and the board as a whole. The framework should be applied as follows – a new Board Member Appraisal Framework incorporating the competencies will be published to support this:

Chairs should:

  • Carry out individual appraisals for the chief executive and non-executive directors, based on the framework and other objectives
  • Assure themselves that individual board members can demonstrate broad competence across all 6 domains and that they have the requisite skills, knowledge and behaviours to undertake their roles
  • Assure themselves there is strong, in-depth evidence of achievement against the competency domains collectively across the board, and ensure that appropriate development takes place where this is not the case
  • Ensure the findings feed into the personal development plans of non-executive directors
  • As and when required, include relevant information in the Board Member Reference when a board member leaves 

Chief executives should:

  • Carry out individual appraisals for the executive directors based on the framework and other objectives
  • Ensure the findings feed into the personal development plans of the executive directors

The senior independent director (or deputy chair) should:

  • Carry out the appraisal for the chair based on the framework and other objectives
  • Ensure the findings feed into the personal development plan of the chair

Board members should:

  • Self-assess against the six competency domains as preparation for annual appraisal
  • Identify and plan development activity as part of ongoing continuous professional development (CPD), taking into account any professional standards that are also applicable for specific board member roles
  • Review the self-assessment with their line manager and obtain feedback

All board members will have more detailed individual, team and organisational objectives. The 6 domains identify competency areas and provide examples of leadership practice and behaviours which will support delivery against objectives.

3.3 Development

Even the most talented and experienced individuals are unlikely to be able to demonstrate how they meet all the competencies in this framework all of the time. However, it should provide a means by which, over time, individuals can measure themselves and develop proficiency in all areas.

The competency domains will be built into national leadership programmes and support offers for board directors and aspiring board directors. All board members should actively engage in ongoing development to enable continued and greater achievement across the competency domains over time, and should be supported to do so.

Board members should refer to the directory of board level learning and development opportunities for existing development offers.

3.4 Scoring guide

Appendix 2 is an optional scoring guide for individual board members to use when self-assessing against the competency domains.

4 Next steps

The Board Member Appraisal Framework will be published by autumn 2024. It will reflect the competency domains in this framework, as well as other performance objectives. It will also provide guidance on how to assess performance against the 6 competency domains, including for experienced board members and those who have been in post less than 12 months.

The LCF will continue to be kept under review, and may be updated periodically to reflect changes in the NHS operating environment, as well as feedback received from users. Feedback can be sent to england.karkimplementationteam@nhs.net.

5 Detailed leadership competency domains

The individual competencies are expressed as ‘I’ statements. This is to indicate personal actions and behaviours that board members will demonstrate in undertaking their roles. However, it is recognised that, including in the context of a unitary board, high performance and delivery against objectives is also achieved through effective team working and collaboration.

1. Driving high-quality and sustainable outcomes

What does good look like?

I am a member of a unitary board which is committed to ensuring excellence in the delivery (and / or the commissioning) of high quality and safe care within our limited resources, including our workforce. I seek to ensure that my organisation* demonstrates continual improvement and that we strive to meet the standards expected by our patients and communities, as well as by our commissioners and regulators, by increasing productivity and bringing about better health and care outcomes with lasting change and improvement.

* All references to “organisation” also refer to systems for board members of integrated care boards.

Competencies

1. I contribute as a leader:

a.  to ensure that my organisation delivers the best possible care for patients

b.  to ensure that my organisation creates the culture, capability and approach for continuous improvement, applied systematically across the organisation

2. I assess and understand:

a.  the performance of my organisation and ensure that, where required, actions are taken to improve
b.  the importance of efficient use of limited resources and seek to maximise:

i. productivity and value for money

ii. delivery of high quality and safe services at population level

c.  the need for a balanced and evidence-based approach in the context of the board’s risk appetite when considering innovative solutions and improvements

3. I recognise and champion the importance of:

a. attracting, developing and retaining an excellent and motivated workforce
b. building diverse talent pipelines and ensuring appropriate succession plans are in place for critical roles
c. retaining staff with key skills and experience in the NHS, supporting flexible working options as appropriate

4. I personally:

a. seek out and act on performance feedback and review, and continually build my own skills and capability
b. model behaviours that demonstrate my willingness to learn and improve, including undertaking relevant training

2. Setting strategy and delivering long-term transformation

What does good look like?

I am a member of a unitary board leading the development of strategies which deliver against the needs of people using our services, as well as statutory duties and national and local system priorities. We set strategies for long term transformation that benefits the whole system and reflects best practice, including maximising the opportunities offered by digital technology. We use relevant data and take quality, performance, finance, workforce intelligence and proven innovation and improvement processes into account when setting strategy.

Competencies

1. I contribute as a leader to:

a. the development of strategy that meets the needs of patients and communities, as well as statutory duties, national and local system priorities
b. ensure there is a long-term strategic focus while delivering short-term objectives
c. ensure that our strategies are informed by the political, economic, social and technological environment in which the organisation operates
d. ensure effective prioritisation within the resources available when setting strategy and help others to do the same

2. I assess and understand:

a. the importance of continually understanding the impact of the delivery of strategic plans, including through quality and inequalities impact assessments
b. the need to include evaluation and monitoring arrangements for key financial, quality and performance indicators as part of developing strategy
c. clinical best practice, regulation, legislation, national and local priorities, risk and financial implications when developing strategies and delivery plans

3. I recognise and champion the importance of long-term transformation that:

a. benefits the whole system
b. promotes workforce reform
c. incorporates the adoption of proven improvement and safety approaches
d. takes data and digital innovation and other technology developments into account

4. I personally:

a. listen with care to the views of the public, staff and people who use services, and support the organisation to develop the appropriate engagement skills to do the same
b. seek out and use new insights on current and future trends and use evidence, research and innovation to help inform strategies

3. Promoting equality and inclusion, and reducing health and workforce inequalities

What does good look like?

I am a member of a unitary board which identifies, understands and addresses variation and inequalities in the quality of care and outcomes to ensure there are improved services and outcomes for all patients and communities, including our workforce, and continued improvements to health and workforce inequalities.

Competencies

1.    I contribute as a leader to:

a. improve population health outcomes and reduce health inequalities by improving access, experience and the quality of care
b. ensure that resource deployment takes account of the need to improve equity of health outcomes with measurable impact and identifiable outcomes
c. reduce workforce inequalities and promote inclusive and compassionate leadership across all staff groups

2. I assess and understand:

a. the need to work in partnership with other boards and organisations across the system to improve population health and reduce health inequalities (linked to Domain 6)

3. I recognise and champion:

a. the need for the board to consider population health risks as well as organisational and system risks

4. I personally:

a. demonstrate social and cultural awareness and work professionally and thoughtfully with people from all backgrounds
b. encourage challenge to the way I lead and use this to continually improve my approaches to equality, diversity and inclusion and reducing health and workforce inequalities.

4. Providing robust governance and assurance

What does good look like?

I understand my responsibilities as a board member and how we work together as a unitary board to reach collective agreement on our approach and decisions. We use a variety of information sources and data to assure our financial performance, quality and safety frameworks, workforce arrangements and operational delivery. We are visible throughout the organisation and our leadership is underpinned by the organisation’s behaviours, values and standards. We are seen as a Well Led organisation and we understand the vital importance of working collaboratively.

Competencies

1. I contribute as a leader by:

a. working collaboratively on the implementation of agreed strategies
b. participating in robust and respectful debate and constructive challenge to other board members
c. being bound by collective decisions based on objective evaluation of research, evidence, risks and options
d. contributing to effective governance and risk management arrangements
e. contributing to evaluation and development of board effectiveness

2. I understand board member responsibilities and my individual contribution in relation to:

a. financial performance
b. establishing and maintaining arrangements to meet statutory duties, national and local system priorities
c. delivery of high quality and safe care
d. continuous, measurable improvement

3. I assess and understand:

a. the level and quality of assurance from the board’s committees and other sources
b. where I need to challenge other board members to provide evidence and assurance on risks and how they impact decision making
c. how to proactively monitor my organisation’s risks through the use of the Board Assurance Framework, the risk management strategy and risk appetite statements
d. the use of intelligence and data from a variety of sources to recognise and identify early warning signals and risks – including, for example, incident data; surveys; external reviews; regulatory intelligence; understanding variation and inequalities.

4. I recognise and champion:

a. the need to triangulate observations from direct engagement with staff, patients and service users, and engagement with stakeholders
b. working across systems, particularly in responding to patient safety incidents, and an understanding of how this links with continuous quality improvement

5. I personally:

a. understand the individual and collective strengths of the board, and I use my personal and professional knowledge and experience to contribute at the board and support others to do the same

5. Creating a compassionate, just and positive culture

What does good look like?

As a board member I contribute to the development and ongoing maintenance of a compassionate and just learning culture, where staff are empowered to be involved in decision making and work effectively for their patients, communities and colleagues. As a member of the board, we are each committed to continually improving our approach to quality improvement, including taking a proactive approach and culture.

Competencies

1. I contribute as a leader:

a. to develop a supportive, just and positive culture across the organisation (and system) to enable all staff to work effectively for the benefit of patients, communities and colleagues
b. to ensure that all staff can take ownership of their work and contribute to meaningful decision making and improvement
c. to improve staff engagement, experience and wellbeing in line with our NHS People Promise (for example, with reference to equality, diversity and inclusion; freedom to speak up; personal and professional development; holding difficult conversations respectfully and addressing conflict)
d. to ensure there is a safe culture of speaking up for our workforce

2. I assess and understand:

a. my role in leading the organisation’s approach to improving quality, from immediate safety responses to creating a proactive and improvement-focused culture

3. I recognise and champion:

a. being respectful and I promote diversity and inclusion in my work
b. the ability to respond effectively in times of crisis or uncertainty

4. I personally:

a. demonstrate visible, compassionate and inclusive leadership
b. speak up against any form of racism, discrimination, bullying, aggression, sexual misconduct or violence, even when I might be the only voice
c. challenge constructively, speaking up when I see actions and behaviours which are inappropriate and lead to staff or people using services feeling unsafe, or staff or people being excluded in any way or treated unfairly
d. promote flexible working where possible and use data at board level to monitor impact on staff wellbeing and retention

6. Building trusted relationships with partners and communities

What does good look like?

I am part of a board that recognises the need to collaborate, consult and co-produce with colleagues in neighbouring teams, providers and systems, people using services, our communities and our workforce. We are seen as leading an organisation that proactively works to strengthen relationships and develop collaborative behaviours to support working together effectively in an integrated care environment.

Competencies

1. I contribute as a leader by:

a. fostering productive partnerships and harnessing opportunities to build and strengthen collaborative working, including with regulators and external partners
b. identifying and communicating the priorities for financial, access and quality improvement, working with system partners to align our efforts where the need for improvement is greatest

2. I assess and understand:

a. the need to demonstrate continued curiosity and develop knowledge to understand and learn about the different parts of my own and other systems
b. the need to seek insight from patient, carer, staff and public groups across different parts of the system, including Patient Safety Partners

3. I recognise and champion:

a. management, and transparent sharing, of organisational and system level information about financial and other risks, concerns and issues
b. open and constructive communication with all system partners to share a common purpose, vision and strategy

Appendix 1: Values and concepts from key documents which form an anchor for this framework

Our people promise

  • We are compassionate and inclusive
  • We are recognised and rewarded
  • We each have a voice that counts
  • We are safe and healthy
  • We are always learning
  • We work flexibly
  • We are a team

NHS values

  • Working together for patients
  • Respect and dignity
  • Commitment to quality of care
  • Compassion
  • Improving lives
  • Everyone counts

Our leadership way

We are compassionate

  • We are inclusive, promote equality and diversity, and challenge discrimination
  • We are kind and treat people with compassion, courtesy and respect.

We are curious

  • We aim for the highest standards and seek to continually improve, harnessing our ingenuity
  • We can be trusted to do what we promise

We are collaborative

  • We collaborate, forming effective partnerships to achieve our common goals
  • We celebrate success and support our people to be the best they can be

Health and Care Act 2022

  • Collaborate with partners to address our shared priorities and have the core aim and duty to improve the health and wellbeing of the people of England.
  • Improve the quality, including safety, of services provided.
  • Ensure the sustainable, efficient use of resources for the wider system and communities

Seven principles of public life

  • Selflessness
  • Integrity
  • Objectivity
  • Accountability
  • Openness
  • Honesty
  • Leadership

Appendix 2: Optional scoring guide for individual self-assessment against the competencies

Download a word copy of this scoring guide.

Publication reference: B0496i